What Is Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)?
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) happens when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. These clots can partially or completely block blood flow, causing pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area.
While DVT can occur in anyone, it is more likely after long periods of inactivity, major surgery, or medical conditions that affect blood clotting.
The main concern with DVT is that part of the clot can break loose and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE) a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.
What Are the Symptoms of DVT?
Some people with DVT may not experience any symptoms. When present, signs can include:
- Swelling in one leg (rarely both)
- Pain or tenderness, often starting in the calf
- Warmth or redness over the affected vein
- Heaviness or tightness in the leg
- Pain that worsens when standing or walking
If symptoms develop suddenly or are accompanied by shortness of breath or chest pain, seek medical attention immediately.
What Causes Deep Venous Thrombosis?
DVT develops when blood flow in the veins slows down, or when there are changes in blood clotting factors.
Common causes and risk factors include:
- Prolonged immobility (such as during long flights or hospital stays)
- Recent surgery or injury to the leg
- Pregnancy or recent childbirth
- Hormone therapy or oral contraceptive use
- Cancer or cancer treatment
- Family history of blood clots
- Obesity
- Smoking
People who have multiple risk factors are at a higher risk of developing DVT.
How Do Doctors Diagnose DVT?
Diagnosis involves assessing both your symptoms and your circulation. Your cardiologist may recommend:
- Doppler Ultrasound: The most common test to detect clots in the leg veins.
- D-dimer Blood Test: Checks for elevated clotting activity in the body.
- Venography or CT Venogram: Imaging tests that show detailed views of the veins to confirm a clot.
Early detection is crucial to prevent the clot from travelling to the lungs.
Is Deep Venous Thrombosis Dangerous?
Yes. DVT can be life-threatening if the clot dislodges and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism (PE). Symptoms of PE include:
- Sudden shortness of breath
- Chest pain that worsens with breathing
- Rapid heartbeat
- Coughing up blood
If you suspect PE, seek emergency medical care immediately. Prompt treatment can save lives.
How Is DVT Treated?
The main goal of treatment is to prevent the clot from growing or moving, and to reduce the risk of new clots forming.
1. Medications
- Anticoagulants (blood thinners): Help prevent existing clots from enlarging and new ones from forming.
- Thrombolytics (clot-dissolving drugs): Used in severe cases to quickly break down clots.
2. Compression therapy
- Wearing compression stockings improves blood flow and helps prevent swelling or long-term complications.
3. Interventional procedures
In select cases, a filter may be placed in the large vein (inferior vena cava) to catch clots before they reach the lungs.
Can DVT Be Prevented?
Yes. Preventive measures are especially important for those with known risk factors. You can:
- Stay active and avoid prolonged sitting
- Move your legs regularly during travel
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Stop smoking
- Follow your doctor’s advice on preventive medication after surgery or hospital stays
Simple movement and leg exercises can significantly lower your risk of DVT.
When Should You See a Cardiologist or Vascular Specialist?
Seek immediate medical care if you notice:
- Sudden swelling or pain in one leg
- Warmth or redness along a vein
- Unexplained shortness of breath or chest discomfort
These symptoms may indicate DVT or pulmonary embolism, both of which require prompt evaluation.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Can DVT go away on its own? Small clots may dissolve naturally, but medical treatment is essential to prevent serious complications such as pulmonary embolism.
2. How long does DVT treatment last? Most patients require anticoagulant therapy for 3–6 months, but duration varies depending on individual risk factors.
3. Can you exercise with DVT? Gentle movement, once approved by your doctor, can help improve blood flow. Avoid prolonged immobility.
4. Is DVT more common after long flights? Yes. Sitting still for long periods can slow blood flow in the legs, increasing the risk of clot formation.
5. What are the long-term effects of DVT? Some people develop post-thrombotic syndrome, which causes chronic leg swelling, pain, or skin discolouration. Regular follow-up helps manage these symptoms.
